Political Education: A Panacea to Reduce Election Violence in Papua New Guinea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/ijaer.v3i1.361Keywords:
PNG, Election, Violence, Political EducationAbstract
In PNG, the widespread acceptance of a culture of violence is leading to a growing sense that political action, which entails obtaining and wielding power in public affairs to affect decisions within a community or country, is socially undesirable. The popular acceptance of this culture of violence directly contributes to this attitude. There are many different manifestations of political violence, including but not limited to physical confrontations, intimidation, organised criminal activities, hired thugs, the death of innocent bystanders, property damage, and thievery on the part of individuals. This study was conducted with the intention of analysing the elements that contribute to political violence, the majority of which are caused by a deficiency in democratic governance and inadequate political education. In addition, it examined preventative methods that could help manage political violence. To ensure that a preventive plan is properly implemented, it is vital to provide young people with the knowledge they need to make choices based on accurate information and to take the right activities to create their own future. This technique successfully captures the essential concepts of sustainable development.
References
ABC News (2019). More than a dozen children and women - some pregnant - killed in PNG tribal massacre, Available online at
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-10/hela-province-papua-new-guinea-massacre/11293972 (Assessed: July 31st 2024)
Ahmed, A.B. (2009). Causes of Democratic Failure in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the National Conference of SASSI Ankpa, August, 14th-16th
Amechi OR, Innocent EO, Ikechukwu A. (2018) Political education in Nigeria: the mobilisation theory thesis perspective. Art Human Open Acc J. 2(5):246‒256. DOI: 10.15406/ahoaj.2018.02.00066
Anyika, V.O., Ani, K.J. (2022). Historical review of electoral violence in Nigeria. In: Ani, K.J., Ojakorotu, V. (eds) Elections and Electoral Violence in Nigeria. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4652-2_3
Annette J. (2000). Civic Participation and Education for Citizenship. A Paper Presented at the 50th Annual Conference of Political Studies Association held in London.
Barber B. (1994). An Aristocracy of Everyone: The Politics of Education and the Future of America, Newyork: Oxford University Press.
Bill Standish (2016). Papua New Guinea: students shot, country damaged, East Asia Forum, https://eastasiaforum.org/2016/06/11/papua-new-guinea-students-shot-country-damaged/(Assessed: August 1st 2024)
Boggs DL. (1991). Civic Education: An Adult Education Imperative. Adult Education Quarterly. 42(2):46–55.
Coleman, J.S. (1968) Education and political development. Princeton New Jerse. Princeton University press.
Denver D, Hands G. (1990). Does Studying Politics Make a Difference? The Political Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Students. British Journal of Political Science. 20:263–288.
Ejiofor, L. (2007). Politics and Mobilization: Handbook of Practical Behaviour: Abakaliki, Willy Rose and Apple Seed Publishing Co.
Ekpo, I. (2007). Democracy and the Need for Political Ethics in Nigeria, in Ike Oditnegwu (ed) Nigeria Democracy and Global Democracy. Awka: APAB Educational Books
Eyam A. Justina, Mahlo I. Malosan & Isidore U. Nwanaju (2016). Political Education: A Panacea for Control and Management of Election Violence for Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Public Policy and Administration Research, ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online), Vol.6, No.4, www.iiste.org
Fasakin, Akinbode. (2021). The coloniality of power in postcolonial Africa: Experiences from Nigeria. Third World Quarterly. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1880318.
Freire, R. (1994) The politic of Education Bergin and Ganey; south Itadley M. A
Gale, F., G. (1994) Rhetoric, Ideology and the possibility of justice New York: state university of New York press.
Galston WA. (1991) Liberal Purpose: Goods, Virtues, and Diversity in the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gastil J. (2004) Adult Civic Education through the National Issues Forum: Developing Democratic Habits and Dispositions through Public Deliberation. Adult Education Quarterly. 54(4):308–328.
Hornby (2003) Oxford Advanced learners’ Dictionary (6th Ed.). London; oxford university press. http://en.wikipedia.or/wiki/violence.
Idakwoji, S.P., Salami, P. and Salisu, O., (2014) An Empirical Description of Political Thuggery and Democratization in Kogi State Nigeria, 2003 – 2010. Academic journal article Ife Psychologia. Retrieved 04/07/2024 from
Ifechukwu, N. (2007) Fostering Democratization in Nigeria; Perspective
Ikoya,P., O. (2004), Managing the impact of societal crime and violence on school systems: implication for safer schools. Journal pendidi kan university Malaya 19 – 28.
Inajoh, J.S. (2009) Political Crisis and Development. Journal of Globalization and International Studies 5(3)141-148.
Majechodinmi, R. I. & Adejuwon K. D. (2012). Electoral administration and Consolidation of Democracy: An overview of 2011 General Elections in Nigeria. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences 2 (5), 1-26
Nokshuwan, E. J., Abubakar, I. Y., Gaadi, J. I. & Bamgbade, F. A. (2020). The Role of Voter Education in Combating Hate Speech and Electoral Violence in Nigeria, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online), Vol.10, No.24, www.iiste.org
Nwolise, O.B.C. (2007). Electoral Violence and Nigeria 2007 Elections. Journal of African Elections 6(2), 155-179.
Okwechime, E., O. (2007) Youth activism and the electoral processes in Nigeria: a critical Appraisal Retrieved from the internet on 16th May, 2011.
Omoteso, B., A. (2010) Bulling behaviours, its associated factors and psychological effects among secondary students in Nigeria Journal of international social Research, 3110, 498 –509.
Orji, N. & Uzodi, N. (2012). Post Election Violence in Violence: Experiences with the 2011 Elections. Abuja; Policy and Legal Advocacy Center.
Popkin SL, Dimock MA. (1999) Political Knowledge and Citizen Competence. Elkin SK, Sotan KE, editors. Citizen Competence and Democratic Institution, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Popoola, B., Y. (2005) Prevalence of peer victimization among secondary school students in Nigeria,international Education Journal 6 (5) 598 – 606.
Rotimi, A. (2005). Violence in the citadel: The menance of secret cults in the Nigeria universities Nordic Journal of Africa studies 14, 79 – 98.
Summerfield, D. (1991). The psychological effects of conflict in the third world development in practice 1: 159– 173.
The Guardian (2019). At least 15 women and children killed in tribal massacre in Papua New Guinea,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/10/at-least-15-women-and-children-killed-in-tribal-massacre-in-papua-new-guinea (Assessed: July 31st 2024)
Tsa G. (2014). 2015 Elections: NBA sets up Committee on Voter Education. Leadership. p. 4.
Uchendu, H. (2012), The Pastors feed my sheep. Nigerian politics and Electoral process. Any prospect? Pastors magazine 3 rd Edition page 6.
Westholm M, Niemi RG. (1990). Education and the Making of the Informed Citizen: Political Literacy and Outside World. Orit L, editor. Political Socialisation, Citizenship Education and Democracy. New York: Teachers college Press.
Zaller JR. (1992). The Nature and Origin of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Betty Wakia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.















